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Etude aux Chemins de Fer (Railroad Study), composed by Pierre Schaeffer in 1948, is a recorded assemblage of steam engines, whistles, and other railroad sounds. It is the first recorded assemblage of sounds.
Etude aux Chemins de Fer
Schaeffer coined the term 'musique concrète' to describe a music made 'concretely' by working directly with sounds, as against music made 'abstractly' by working with symbols for sounds (as in a musical score). In 1951, he organized the Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète, the focus of which was working with tape recorders.
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The photo at the left shows Pierre Schaeffer in 1952 playing the phonogène à clavier, a tape recorder with its speed altered by playing any of twelve keys on a keyboard. Courtesy GRM.
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